https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Index ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:37210 Eisenia fetida, were exposed to a soil containing readily available benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and highly sequestered B[a]P NERs aged in soil for 350 days. B[a]P bioaccumulation was assessed and DNA damage (as DNA single strand breaks) in earthworm coelomocytes were evaluated by comet assay. The concentrations of B[a]P in earthworm tissues were generally low, particularly when the soil contained highly sequestered B[a]P NERs, with biota-soil accumulation factors ranging from 0.6 to 0.8 kg_OC/kg_lipid. The measurements related to genotoxicity, that is percentage (%) of DNA in the tails and olive tail moments, were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the spiked soil containing readily available B[a]P than in soil that did not have added B[a]P. For example, for the soil initially spiked at 10 mg/kg, the percentage of DNA in the tails (29.2%) of coelomocytes after exposure of earthworms to B[a]P-contaminated soils and olive tail moments (17.6) were significantly greater (p < 0.05) than those of unspiked soils (19.6% and 7.0, for percentage of DNA in tail and olive tail moment, respectively). There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences in effects over the range of B[a]P concentrations (10 and 50 mg/kg soil) investigated. In contrast, DNA damage after exposure of earthworms to B[a]P NERs in soil did not differ from background DNA damage in the unspiked soil. These findings are useful in risk assessments as they can be applied to minimise uncertainties associated with the ecological health risks from exposure to highly sequestered PAH residues in long-term contaminated soils.]]> Wed 10 Nov 2021 15:04:24 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:55217 Wed 01 May 2024 10:47:30 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:46333 Daphnia carinata) using a battery of comprehensive toxicity tests, including a 48 h acute and a 21-day chronic assays. The survival, growth, and reproduction of D. carinata were monitored over a 21-day life cycle. PFOS exhibited higher toxicity than PFOA. The 48 h LC₅₀ values (confidence interval) based on acute toxicity for PFOA and PFOS were 78.2 (54.9–105) mg L⁻¹ and 8.8 (6.4–11.6) mg L⁻¹, respectively. Chronic exposure to PFOS for 21 days displayed mortality and reproductive defects in D. carinata at a concentration as low as 0.001 mg L⁻¹. Genotoxicity assessment using comet assay revealed that exposure for 96 h to PFOS at 1 and 10.0 mg L⁻¹ significantly damaged the organism's genetic makeup. The results of this study have great implications for risk assessment of PFOS and PFOA in aquatic ecosystems, given the potential of PFOS to pose a risk to Daphnia even at lower concentrations (1 μg L⁻¹).]]> Tue 15 Nov 2022 12:49:03 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:29734 50—48 h of 2, 4-dinitroanisole was determined as 14.87 ± 1.70 (mg L⁻¹) and its metabolites exhibited the similar toxic range although the toxicity of 2, 4, 6-trinitro toluene was seven-fold more toxic (2.32 ± 0.29 mg L⁻¹) than 2, 4-dinitroanisole and its metabolites. Exposure to sub-acute toxicity concentration ranges of 2, 4-dinitroanisole and its metabolites and 2, 4, 6-trinitro toluene showed significant (P < 0.01) DNA damage. The higher concentration of each test chemical exhibited higher tail DNA per cent and increased olive tail moment. The results from this study can be used to identify genotoxic biomarkers for the risk assessment of insensitive munitions exposure in aquatic invertebrates.]]> Sat 24 Mar 2018 07:37:29 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:25358 Alliumcepa through chromosomal aberration and comet assay using root meristem cells. A. cepa root tips were exposed to Tridol-S 3% and Tridol-S 6% with six different concentrations (0%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04% and 0.05%) for 24 h. Cytogenetic effect endpoints such as mitotic index, and chromosomal aberrations were observed. Chromosomal aberrations in the control (untreated onion root tips) was negligible with the mitotic index (MI) value of 79.6%, while the MI significantly decreased in all the test concentrations of firefighting compounds. Genotoxicity assessment through comet assay also revealed that both the products were genotoxic with a significant increase in per cent tail DNA and olive tail moment. Among the test compounds, Tridol-S 3% was more toxic than Tridol-S 6%. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the cyto- and genotoxic effects of class B firefighting foams to A. cepa root meristem cells. This study also suggests that the toxicological studies using A. cepa root meristem cells can be employed for evaluating the toxicological impacts of firefighting foams in the environment.]]> Sat 24 Mar 2018 07:24:42 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:44045 Allium cepa root meristem cells. The A. cepa root tips were exposed to 6 different concentrations (1–100 mg L⁻¹) of PFOS for 48 h. Reduction in mitotic index and chromosomal aberrations was measured as genotoxic endpoints in meristematic root cells. Exposure to PFOS significantly affected cell division by reducing the miotic index at higher concentrations (>10 mg L⁻¹). The median effect concentration of PFOS to elicit cytotoxicity based on the mitotic index was 43.2 mg L⁻¹. Exposure to PFOS significantly increased chromosomal aberrations at concentrations >25 mg L⁻¹. The common aberrations were micronuclei, vagrant cells, and multipolar anaphase. The alkaline comet assay revealed a genotoxic potential of PFOS with increased tail DNA percentage at concentrations >25 mg L⁻¹. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the cyto-genotoxic potential of PFOS in higher plants.]]> Fri 07 Oct 2022 14:28:51 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:41930 Zea mays), Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense), vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides), sunflower (Helianthus annuus)and wallaby grass (Austrodanthonia sp.)has been evaluated by ecotoxicological tests such as root nodulation and leghaemoglobin assay using garden pea (Pisum sativum)and acute, chronic and genotoxicity assays using earthworm (Eisenia fetida). The phytoremediated soil exhibited lesser toxicity supporting improved root nodulation and leghaemoglobin content in P. sativum and reducing DNA damage in E. fetida when compared to contaminated soil before remediation. Also, the results of the ecotoxicological assays with the legume and earthworm performed in this study complemented the results obtained by the chemical analysis of PAHs in phytoremediated soil. Therefore, these findings provide a basis for a framework in which remediation efficacy of PAHs-contaminated sites can be evaluated effectively with simple ecotoxicological bioassays using legumes and earthworms.]]> Fri 02 Jun 2023 10:30:15 AEST ]]>